Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. The Steamboat Adventure. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. He could acknowledge the law as valid. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Websites. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Pueblo, CO 81001. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Making of America. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Tools for primary source analysis. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. [citation needed]. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. N.S. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Church and W. J. Brodribb. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. J. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [131] The purge went on for several months. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. 719-549-2333. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Categories . Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. . Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Biographies of historical and famous people. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Gill. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously .
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