[148] Muir, Becker, Stratos and Philip K. Hitti have proposed that Khalid was ultimately dismissed because the Muslim gains in Syria in the aftermath of Yarmouk required the replacement of a military commander at the helm with a capable administrator such as Abu Ubayda. May 23, 2021 . [65] According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the sahaba ('companions' of Muhammad). These wise words of Prophet Muhammad [saw] were best proved in the case of our hero today, Khalid . [117][118], Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the Battle of Ajnadayn, the first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. [187] Following Abd al-Rahman's death in 666, allegedly as a result of poisoning ordered by Mu'awiya, Muhajir's son Khalid attempted to take revenge for his uncle's slaying and was arrested, but Mu'awiya later released him after Khalid paid the blood money. [34][35] After Abu Bakr quashed the threat to Medina by the Ghatafan at the Battle of Dhu al-Qassa,[36] he dispatched Khalid against the rebel tribes in Najd. Crossing the desert, he aided in the conquest of Syria; and, though the new caliph, Umar, formally relieved him of high command (for unknown reasons), Khlid remained the effective leader of the forces facing the Byzantine armies in Syria and Palestine. selama berapa tahun kah , masa pemerintahan Khulafaurrasyidin ? [12] Khalid was at the head of the cavalry and Muhammad avoided confronting him by taking an unconventional and difficult alternate route, ultimately reaching Hudaybiyya at the edge of Mecca. [108] According to Donner, the traditional sources' dating of the first Muslim armies' deployment to Syria was behind by several months. [158] Per the surrender terms, taxes were imposed on the inhabitants in return for guarantees of protection for their property, churches, water mills and the city walls. [181] He is considered "one of the tactical geniuses of the early Islamic period" by Donner. 50 years (592 AD-642 AD)Khalid ibn al-Walid / Age at death. [70] The 9th-century histories of al-Baladhuri and Khalifa ibn Khayyat hold Khalid's first major battle in Iraq was his victory over the Sasanian garrison at Ubulla (the ancient Apologos, near modern Basra) and the nearby village of Khurayba, though al-Tabari (d. 923) considers attribution of the victory to Khalid as erroneous and that Ubulla was conquered later by Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [140], The Byzantines pursued the Muslims into their camp, where the Muslims had their camel herds hobbled to form a series of defensive perimeters from which the infantry could fight and which Byzantine cavalries could not easily penetrate. [95], The historians Michael Jan de Goeje and Caetani dismiss altogether that Khalid led an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal following his Iraqi campaign and that the city mentioned in the traditional sources was likely the town by the same name near al-Hira. [35] In late 632, he confronted Tulayha's forces at the Battle of Buzakha, which took place at the eponymous well in Asad territory where the tribes were encamped. [45], According to the account of the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar, Malik had also been cooperating with the prophetess Sajah, his kinswoman from the Yarbu, but after they were defeated by rival clans from the Tamim, left her cause and retreated to his camp at al-Butah. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [77] After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. [123][126] The Muslim armies met up in the city center where capitulation terms were agreed. [47] The modern historian Wilferd Madelung discounts Sayf's version, asserting that Umar and other Muslims would not have protested Khalid's execution of Malik if the latter had left Islam,[48] while Watt considers accounts about the Tamim during the Ridda in general to be "obscure partly because the enemies of Khlid b. al-Wald have twisted the stories to blacken him". [153] Athamina holds that "with all his military limitations", Abu Ubayda would not have been considered "a worthy replacement for Khlid's incomparable talents". Pada masanya banyak kebijakan yang menyebabkan umat islam mangalami kemajuan. Shoufani deems this improbable, while allowing the possibility that Khalid had earlier sent detachments from his army to reinforce the main Muslim commander in Bahrayn, al-Ala al-Hadhrami. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [81] Ayn al-Tamr capitulated and Khalid captured the town of Sandawda to the north. The Byzantine armies were composed mainly of Christian Arab, Armenian, and other auxiliaries, however; and when many of these deserted the Byzantines, Khlid, reinforced from Medina and possibly from the Syrian Arab tribes, attacked and destroyed the remaining Byzantine forces along the ravines of the Yarmk valley (Aug. 20, 636). [42] When Tulayha appeared close to defeat, the Fazara section of the Ghatafan under their chief Uyayna ibn Hisn deserted the field, compelling Tulayha to flee for Syria. Ali himself imposed Sharia during his khulafa. [123] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. During the Battle of Mu'ta, Khalid coordinated the safe withdrawal of Muslim troops against the Byzantines. [91] There, Khalid attacked a group of Ghassanids celebrating Easter before he or his subordinate commanders raided the Ghouta agricultural belt around Damascus. The most famous historical report on Khalid b. Walid is about his behavior toward Malik b. Nuwayra, a companion of Prophet Muhammad (s). You must take revenge from Khalid." But Abu Bakr continued to defend Khalid. [1] About twenty-five of Khalid's paternal cousins, including Abu Jahl, and numerous other kinsmen were slain in that engagement. The city surrendered without much bloodshed. Khalid was subsequently demoted and removed from the army's high command by Umar. [197], Starting in the Ayyubid period in Syria (11821260), Homs has obtained fame as the location of the purported tomb and mosque of Khalid. [116] The trading center of Bosra, along with the Hauran region in which it lies, had historically supplied the nomadic tribes of Arabia with wheat, oil and wine and had been visited by Muhammad during his youth. [144], The Byzantine cavalry, meanwhile, had withdrawn north to the area between the Ruqqad and Allan tributaries. [161] Khalid routed a Byzantine force led by a certain Minas in the outskirts of Qinnasrin. [115] The Byzantines may not have reestablished an imperial garrison in the city in the aftermath of the Sasanian withdrawal in 628 and the Muslim armies encountered token resistance during their siege. Ungraded . [5], Khalid's mother was al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, commonly known as Lubaba al-Sughra ('Lubaba the Younger', to distinguish her from her elder half-sister Lubaba al-Kubra) of the nomadic Banu Hilal tribe. [80], Khalid continued northward along the Euphrates valley, attacking Anbar on the east bank of the river, where he secured capitulation terms from its Sasanian commander. The latter had been assigned by Medina as its tax collector over his tribe and its traditional Asad rivals. [134] Jandora asserts that the Byzantines' Christian Arab and Armenian auxiliaries deserted or defected, but that the Byzantine force remained "formidable", consisting of a vanguard of heavy cavalry and a rear guard of infantrymen when they approached the Muslim defensive lines. He vented these reservations when he suggested to Abu Bakr that Khalid should be dismissed after the death of Maalik Ibn Nuwairah. [51] After Muhammad died, support for Musaylima surged in the Yamama,[52] whose strategic value lay not only with its abundance of wheat fields and date palms, but also its location connecting Medina to the regions of Bahrayn and Oman in eastern Arabia. [10] Shaban credits Khalid's "military genius" for the Quraysh's victory at Uhud, the only engagement in which the tribe defeated Muhammad. These engagements collectively precipitated the retreat of imperial Byzantine troops from Syria under Emperor Heraclius. In that confrontation, the Muslims, boosted by the influx of Qurayshite converts, defeated the Thaqifthe Ta'if-based traditional rivals of the Qurayshand their nomadic Hawazin allies. [179] Muslim tradition since then has placed Khalid's tomb in the city. [7] Khalid was then appointed to destroy the idol of al-Uzza, one of the goddesses worshiped in pre-Islamic Arabian religion, in the Nakhla area between Mecca and Ta'if. [169], According to Sayf ibn Umar, later in 638 Khalid was rumored to have lavishly distributed war spoils from his northern Syrian campaigns, including a sum to the Kindite nobleman al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [198] The Mamluk sultan Baybars (r.12601277) attempted to link his own military achievements with those of Khalid by having an inscription honoring himself carved on Khalid's mausoleum in Homs in 1266. [29] Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. After the death of Muhammad, Khlid recaptured a number of provinces that were breaking away from Islam. [82] In Kennedy's view, Khalid's push toward the desert frontier of Iraq was "a natural continuation of his work" subduing the tribes of northeastern Arabia and in line with Medina's policy to bring all nomadic Arab tribes under its authority. [40] Athamina notes hints in the traditional sources that Khalid initiated the campaign unilaterally, implying that the return of the Muhajirun in Khalid's ranks to Medina following Musaylima's defeat likely represented their protest of Khalid's ambitions in Iraq. Khalid ibn Walid Dismissed by Umar ibn Khattab of the War Commander The greatness of Khalid ibn Walid made many young people in Medina chant poems to praise his name. [3] Khalid's paternal uncle Hisham was known as the 'lord of Mecca' and the date of his death was used by the Quraysh as the start of their calendar. [18][190], There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. [170] Umar consequently ordered that Abu Ubayda publicly interrogate and relieve Khalid from his post regardless of the interrogation's outcome, as well as to put Qinnasrin under Abu Ubayda's direct administration. [18] In the version of Ibn Ishaq, Khalid had persuaded the Jadhima tribesmen to disarm and embrace Islam, which he followed up by executing a number of the tribesmen in revenge for the Jadhima's slaying of his uncle Fakih ibn al-Mughira dating to before Khalid's conversion to Islam. [143] According to the 9th-century Byzantine historian Theophanes, the Byzantine infantry mutinied under Vahan, possibly in light of Theodore's failure to counter the attack on the cavalry. [70] The clashes occurred at Dhat al-Salasil, Nahr al-Mar'a (a canal connecting the Euphrates with the Tigris immediately north of Ubulla), Madhar (a town several days north of Ubulla), Ullays (likely the ancient trade center of Vologesias) and Walaja. [28] The tribe converted and Khalid instructed them in the Qur'an and Islamic laws before returning to Muhammad in Medina with a Balharith delegation. [89] In Kennedy's assessment, Khalid was "a brilliant, ruthless military commander, but one with whom the more pious Muslims could never feel entirely comfortable". Updates? In this episode you will the complete truth behind Why Did Caliph Umar Dismissed Khalid Al-Walid as General? Early in 636 he withdrew south of the Yarmk River before a powerful Byzantine force that advanced from the north and from the coast of Palestine. If Islam is unjustly forced on a people in such a way it will make them hate Islam for centuries to come then yes, that is something any rational Muslim should oppose. Report an issue . He fought more than 100 battles and remain undefeated. [17], According to the historian Richard Blackburn, despite attempts in the early sources to discredit Khalid, his reputation has developed as "Islam's most formidable warrior" during the eras of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and the conquest of Syria. khalid bin walid. [43] Uyayna was captured and brought to Medina. 60 seconds . Akram in his ode to Khalid bin Al-Walid "Sword of Allah Khalid b. al-Waleed - a biographical study of one of the greatest military generals in history" who as part of his discussions within the chapter "The end of Malik bin Nuwaira" has opined that Malik was a rebellious apostate, who . [180] In Islamic literary narratives, Umar expresses remorse over dismissing Khalid and the women of Medina mourn his death en masse. In both versions Muhammad declared himself innocent of Khalid's action but did not discharge or punish him. Khalid had them all executed over the objection of an Ansarite, who had been among the captors of the tribesmen and argued for the captives' inviolability due to their testaments as Muslims. He was reassigned by Abu Bakr to command the Muslim armies in Syria and he led his men there on an unconventional march across a long, waterless stretch of the Syrian Desert, boosting his reputation as a military strategist. [35], Khalid assigned a Hanifite taken captive early in the campaign, Mujja'a ibn al-Murara, to assess the strength, morale and intentions of the Hanifa in their Yamama fortresses in the aftermath of Musaylima's slaying. [72] The Arab nobility of al-Hira surrendered in an agreement with Khalid whereby the city paid a tribute in return for assurances that al-Hira's churches and palaces would not be disturbed. [185] Khalid was married to Asma, a daughter of Anas ibn Mudrik, a prominent chieftain and poet of the Khath'am tribe. [173], Khalid's sacking did not elicit public backlash, possibly due to existing awareness in the Muslim polity of Umar's enmity toward Khalid, which prepared the public for his dismissal, or because of existing hostility toward the Makhzum in general as a result of their earlier opposition to Muhammad and the early Muslims. [146] In Gil's view, Khalid's withdrawal before the army of Heraclius, the evacuation of Damascus and the counter-movement on the Yarmouk tributaries "are evidence of his excellent organising ability and his skill at manoeuvring on the battlefield". Most of these accounts hold that the caliph's order was prompted by requests for reinforcements by the Muslim commanders in Syria. [123] He was prompted by the approach of a large Byzantine army dispatched by Heraclius,[123] consisting of imperial troops led by Vahan and Theodore Trithyrius and frontier troops, including Christian Arab light cavalry led by the Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham and Armenian auxiliaries led by a certain Georgius (called Jaraja by the Arabs). [106] The commanders of the Muslim armies were Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah,[107] though the last may have not deployed to Syria until after Umar's succession to the caliphate in the summer of 634, following Abu Bakr's death. [122][124], Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. [140] He followed up with a nighttime operation in which he seized the Ruqqad bridge, the only viable withdrawal route for the Byzantines. [39] His forces were drawn from the Muhajirun and the Ansar. Within less than four years of his dismissal, Khalid died and was buried in 642 in Emesa, where he lived since his dismissal from military services. How many wars Khalid bin Waleed fought? "[98] He asserts it is "certain" Khalid embarked on the march, "a memorable feat of military endurance", and "his arrival in Syria was an important ingredient of the success of Muslim arms there". [69] The details of the campaign's itinerary are inconsistent in the early Muslim sources, though Donner asserts that "the general course of Khalid's progress in the first part of his campaigning in Iraq can be quite clearly traced". [94] Afterward, Khalid executed the town's Kindite leader Ukaydir, who had defected from Medina following Muhammad's death, while the Kalbite chief Wadi'a was spared after the intercession of his Tamimite allies in the Muslims' camp. [29] The Ansar (lit. [134] In Jandora's assessment, Yarmouk was one of "the most important battles of World History", ultimately leading to Muslim victories which expanded the Caliphate between the Pyrenees mountains and Central Asia. [78] He received similar assistance from the Sadus clan of the Dhuhl tribe under Qutba ibn Qatada and the Ijl tribe under al-Madh'ur ibn Adi during the engagements at Ubulla and Walaja. [103], The desert march is the most celebrated episode of Khalid's expedition and medieval Futuh ('Islamic conquests') literature in general. [174] In the account of Ibn Asakir, Umar declared at a council of the Muslim army at Jabiya in 638 that Khalid was dismissed for lavishing war spoils on war heroes, tribal nobles and poets instead of reserving the sums for needy Muslims. June 22, 2022; list of borana abba gada; alton funeral home; why was khalid bin walid dismissed? Instead, he "compensated" the traumatized survivors himself and then callously washed his hands of the matter. The same reality has been attested to by A.I. [101] The second Palmyra-Damascus itinerary is a relatively direct route between al-Hira to Palmyra via Ayn al-Tamr. Tags: Topics: Question 16 . Watt agrees with the Islamic characterization of the tribal opposition as anti-Islamic in nature, while Julius Wellhausen and C. H. Becker hold the tribes were opposed to the tax obligations to Medina rather than Islam as a religion. [6] Through his maternal relations Khalid became highly familiarized with the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) lifestyle. [93] According to Donner, Khalid undertook two further principal operations before embarking on his march to Syria, which have often been conflated by the sources with events that occurred during the march. Q. Pemerintahan Khulafaur Rasyidin yang dimulai dari khalifah Abu Bakar As Sidiq, Umar bin Khattab, Usman bin Affan dan Ali Bin Abi Thalib. [96] The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira departure. [134] Khalid sent a force to pursue and prevent them from regrouping. [65] The historian Fred Donner holds that the Muhajirun and the Ansar still formed the core of his army, along with a large proportion of nomadic Arabs likely from the Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad and Ghatafan tribes. Khalid bin Walid (ra) victories speak volumes of what he accomplished. [94] Khalid left Ayn al-Tamr for Dumat al-Jandal where the combined Muslim forces bested the defenders in a pitched battle. [7] Among these villages were Musaylima's hometown al-Haddar and Mar'at, whose inhabitants were expelled or enslaved and the villages resettled with tribesmen from clans of the Tamim. Islamic tradition credits Khalid for his battlefield tactics and effective leadership of the early Muslim conquests, but also accuses him of illicitly executing Arab tribesmen who had accepted Islamnamely members of the Banu Jadhima during the lifetime of Muhammad, and Malik ibn Nuwayra during the Ridda Warsand being responsible for moral and fiscal misconduct in the Levant. How did Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed died? [9] The Muslims gained the early advantage in the fight, but after most of the Muslim archers abandoned their positions to join the raiding of the Meccans' camp, Khalid charged against the resulting break in the Muslims' rear defensive lines. [92], The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. I have not dismissed Khalid because he was dishonest. [70], Al-Hira's capture was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [59] The enclosure was stormed by the Muslims, Musaylima was slain and most of the Hanifites were killed or wounded. [98][101], Excluding the above-mentioned operations in Dumat al-Jandal and the upper Euphrates valley, the traditional accounts agree on only two events of Khalid's route to Syria after the departure from al-Hira: the desert march between Quraqir and Suwa, and a subsequent raid against the Bahra tribe at or near Suwa and operations which resulted in the submission of Palmyra; otherwise, they diverge in tracing Khalid's itinerary. [97] Kennedy notes the sources are "equally certain" in their advocacy of their respective itineraries and there is "simply no knowing which version is correct". [150] Varied causes for Khalid's dismissal from the supreme command are cited by the early Islamic sources. [157], Abu Ubayda and Khalid proceeded from Damascus northward to Homs (called Emesa by the Byzantines) and besieged the city probably in the winter of 636637. [168] According to al-Tabari, he was one of the witnesses of a letter of assurance by Umar to Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem guaranteeing the safety of the city's people and property. [171] Following his interrogation in Homs, Khalid issued successive farewell speeches to the troops in Qinnasrin and Homs before being summoned by Umar to Medina. [4] The historian Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban describes Khalid as "a man of considerable standing" within his clan and Mecca in general. [7], The Makhzum were strongly opposed to Muhammad, and the clan's preeminent leader Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), Khalid's first cousin, organized the boycott of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim of Quraysh, in c. [115] Bosra capitulated in late May 634, making it the first major city in Syria to fall to the Muslims. Khalid's tombstone depicts a list of over 50 victorious battles that he commanded without defeat (not including small battles). After Muhammad's death, Khalid was appointed to Najd and al-Yamama with the purpose of suppressing or subjugating Arab tribes who were opposed to the nascent Muslim state; this campaign culminated in Khalid's victory over Arab rebel leaders Tulayha and Musaylima at the Battle of Buzakha in 632 and the Battle of Yamama in 633, respectively. Caetani cast doubt about the aforementioned traditions, while the orientalist Henri Lammens substituted Abu Ubayda with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. [180], Khalid is credited by the early sources for being the most effective commander of the conquests, including after his dismissal from the supreme command. [65] Accounts cited by al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (d. 987) and Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi hold that Abu Bakr appointed Khalid supreme commander as part of his reassignment from Iraq to Syria, citing the general's military talents and record. [3] Contents 1 Early life 2 Muhammad's era (610-632) 2.1 Conversion to Islam 2.2 Military Campaigns during Muhammad's (SAAW) era [164] He and Iyad ibn Ghanm then launched the first Muslim raid into Byzantine Anatolia. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. [182] During his 17th-century visit to the mausoleum, the Muslim scholar Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi agreed that Khalid was buried there but also noted an alternative Islamic tradition that the grave belonged to Mu'awiya's grandson Khalid ibn Yazid. [46], According to the most common account in the Muslim traditional sources, Khalid's army encountered Malik and eleven of his clansmen from the Yarbu in 632. [178][179] Purported hadiths related about Khalid include Muhammad's urgings to Muslims not to harm Khalid and prophecies that Khalid would be dealt injustices despite his tremendous contributions to Islam. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [60], Khalid's terms with the Hanifa entailed the tribe's conversion to Islam and the surrender of their arms and armor and stockpiles of gold and silver. [13] A truce between the Muslims and the Quraysh was reached in the Treaty of Hudaybiyya in March. Omissions? Khlid ibn al-Wald, byname Sf, or Sayf, Allh (Arabic: "Sword of God"), (died 642), one of the two generals (with Amr ibn al-) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Ab Bakr and Umar. [139] For over a month, the Muslims held the strategic high ground between Adhri'at (modern Daraa) and their camp near Dayr Ayyub and bested the Byzantines in a skirmish outside Jabiya on 23 July 636. [70] After besting the city's Persian cavalry under the commander Azadhbih in minor clashes, Khalid and part of his army entered the unwalled city. [88] Crone views the traditional reports as part of a general theme in the largely Iraq-based, Abbasid-era (post-750) sources to diminish the early Muslims' focus on Syria in favor of Iraq. [54] According to the modern historian Meir Jacob Kister, it was likely the threat posed by this army which compelled Musaylima to forge an alliance with Sajah. He is generally considered by historians to be one of the most seasoned and accomplished generals of the early Islamic era, and he is likewise commemorated throughout the Arab world. [141] As a result, the Byzantines were left vulnerable to attack by Muslim archers, their momentum was halted and their left flank exposed. The Yarbu did not resist, proclaimed their Muslim faith and were escorted to Khalid's camp. 5. [58] The strength of Musaylima's warriors, the superiority of their swords and the fickleness of the Bedouin contingents in Khalid's ranks were all reasons cited by the Muslims for their initial failures. [46] Khalid claimed such an order was his prerogative as the commander appointed by the caliph, but he did not force the Ansar to participate and continued his march with troops from the Muhajirun and the Bedouin defectors from Buzakha and its aftermath; the Ansar ultimately rejoined Khalid after internal deliberations. [1], The following year Khalid commanded the right flank of the cavalry in the Meccan army which confronted Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud north of Medina. [72] By this stage, Khalid had subjugated the western areas of the lower Euphrates and the nomadic tribes, including the Namir, Taghlib, Iyad, Taymallat and most of the Ijl, as well as the settled Arab tribesmen, which resided there. [45] Abu Bakr consequently resolved to have him executed by Khalid. why was khalid bin walid dismissed? Why khalid bin walid was dismissed? [40], Khalid's initial focus was the suppression of Tulayha's following. [71], From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. [58] Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite Thabit ibn Qays to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. Khlid ibn al-Wald is not known in the West because our history is heavily Euro-centric and ignores much of what happened in the remainder of the world. Was it because of Jelousy? Its defenders were backed by their nomadic allies from the Byzantine-confederate tribes, the Ghassanids, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra and Banu Kalb. [68] Madelung asserts Abu Bakr relied on the Qurayshite aristocracy during the Ridda wars and early Muslim conquests and speculates that the caliph dispatched Khalid to Iraq to allot the Makhzum an interest in that region.
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