The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each stimulus is transduced and perceived. Pacinian receptors detect pressure and vibration by being compressed, stimulating their internal dendrites. dendrites enclosed in a capsule. Chapter 1. An uneven cornea * Na+, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? g. Auditory tube, Outer: Neurons are not physically connected, but communicate via neurotransmitters secreted into synapses or gaps between communicating neurons. - They are immobile. Golgi tendon organs similarly transduce the stretch levels of tendons. What is the largest structure of the vascular tunic? a. bony and membranous labyrinths. - Utricle. - LIGHT What is the receptor of deep pressure? Deep pressure and vibration are transmitted lamellar (Pacini) bodies, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue.Light touch is transmitted by encapsulated endings known as tactile (Meissner) bodies. Meissners corpuscles, also known as tactile corpuscles, are found in the upper dermis, but they project into the epidermis. c.primary auditory cortex. d. Temporal bone. What chamber is between the iris and cornea? The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it . Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. Finally, a proprioceptor is a receptor located near a moving part of the body, such as a muscle or joint capsule, that interprets the positions of the tissues as they move. what ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? Pacinian receptors detect pressure and vibration by being compressed which stimulates their internal dendrites. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. 1) Fibrous tunic Through which cranial nerves does gustatory information travel? Mechanoreceptors in the skin are described as encapsulated (that is, surrounded by a capsule) or unencapsulated (a group that includes free nerve endings). Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli and are the basis for most aspects of somatosensation, as well as being the basis of audition and equilibrium in the inner ear. The general senses also include the visceral senses, which are separate from the somatic nervous system function in that they do not normally rise to the level of conscious perception. Also, what is referred to simply as touch can be further subdivided into pressure, vibration, stretch, and hair-follicle position, on the basis of the type of mechanoreceptors that perceive these touch sensations. Meissner's corpuscles detect changes in texture (vibrations around 50 Hz) and adapt rapidly. Age-related loss of the lenses' ability to change shape. Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. Special pressure sensors called baroreceptors (or venoatrial stretch receptors) located in the right atrium of the heart detect increases in the volume and pressure of blood returned to the heart. -Infolded plasma membrane surrounds each disc Each of the senses is referred to as a sensory modality. b. Incus 2) Photoreceptors The posterior cavity contains the __________ canal, a remnant of embryonic development. -Tensor tympani muscle 6 - Hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted. The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. d. cochlear nucleus. Aqueous humor is secreted into the __________ chamber before traveling to the __________ chamber of the eye. c. basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. Action potentials triggered by receptor cells, however, are indirect. The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. It joins opsin to retinal. In this study, we present a novel fiducial point extraction algorithm to detect c and d points from the acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG), namely "CnD". The receptive fields of Merkels disks are small with well-defined borders. -Used in scotopic vision Opaque: Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. . Which of the following muscles are located within the middle ear? -Involved with color vision They involve special tiny organs. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. How can a person perceive over 4,000 different odors? Follicles are also wrapped in a plexus of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. -Saccule -Involved with night vision a. medial geniculate nucleus. That makes them very sensitive to edges; they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. Cutaneous receptors are a type of __________. True or False: The primary purpose of the eyebrows is to keep sweat out of the eyes. e. Tectorial membrane, Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear? An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. Sound waves are funneled into the ears by the: True or False: Astigmatism is also called farsightedness. d. Reduced lens flexibility, Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. For 2n4,n22n.2 \leq n \leq 4, n^{2} \geq 2^{n}.2n4,n22n. e. Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) For example, the sensation of pain or heat associated with spicy foods involves capsaicin, the active molecule in hot peppers. What structure is the dividing line between the anterior and posterior chambers? Thus, they also contribute to proprioception and kinesthesia. After turning on a bright light in a previously dark room, it is difficult to see for a brief time. A receptor cell is changed directly by a stimulus. 1. endolymph of cochlear duct Specialized free nerve endings that surround hair follicles are called __________ hair plexuses. The primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is located in the post central gyrus, with the lower limb being represented on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and the head placed laterally near the Sylvian fissure. Possible cures include removal of scar tissue and transplantation of cells that promote nerve growth. In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ________ of the eye. Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors? 2. round window b. tympanic membrane. b. sensations. d. supporting cells. b. Like Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. c - Inferior colliculus *Cochlea 2. The receptors for the vestibular sense are hair cells within the inner ear (vestibule). . Tympanic membrane a. Lacrimal gland b. vestibular cells. Which of the following would stimulate somatic nociceptors? http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8, Describe four important mechanoreceptors in human skin, Describe the topographical distribution of somatosensory receptors. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. 3. perilymph of scala vestibule Thus, they also contribute to proprioception and kinesthesia. Specific types of receptors called __________ detect stimuli in the internal organs. These receptors respond to changes and stimuli in the environment. If the volcanic rocks were launched at an angle of 4040^{\circ}40 with respect to the horizontal and landed 900m900 \mathrm{~m}900m below the crater, (a) what would be their initial velocity and (b) what is their time of flight? Various feature extraction methods have been proposed in the literature. The center of the retina is a pit called the ____________ . c. incus. - It can be caused by exposure to loud music. The Merkel nerve endings (also known as Merkel discs) detect sustained pressure. f. Superior colliculus There are a few types of hair receptors that detect slow and rapid hair movement, and they differ in their sensitivity to movement. In the eye, the __________ humor is gelatinous. e. stapes. 5 - Oval window Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of receptors. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue, Chapter 13. 6. Pacini corpuscles are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. The dynamics of capsaicin binding with this transmembrane ion channel is unusual in that the molecule remains bound for a long time. b. inferior colliculus. Ruffini endings are encapsulated mechanoreceptors. Recall that the epidermis is the outermost layer of skin in mammals. c. Rod c. Nasal cavity - Saccule. In 2009, an eruption threw solid volcanic rocks that landed 1km1 \mathrm{~km}1km horizontally from the crater. c. hair cells of spiral organ. Free nerve endings are the most common nerve endings in skin, and they extend into the middle of the epidermis. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman; scale-bar data from Matt Russell). Gustatory cells have a __________ lifespan. Somatosensation belongs to the general senses, which are those sensory structures that are distributed throughout the body and in the walls of various organs. *Vestibular All of the following are . What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? Barorecptors detect pressure changes in an organ. Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? 6 - Scala vestibuli - DARK (Consider that the deep pressure that reaches those deeper receptors would not need to be finely localized.) Pacinian corpuscles, such as these visualized using bright field light microscopy, detect pressure (touch) and high-frequency vibration. d. tympanic membrane. Mechanoreceptors sense stimuli due to physical deformation of their plasma membranes. Compute the work done by the air. Merkel's disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. Transduction refers to . Oval window. In bright-light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the ____________ of the eye. The four major types of tactile mechanoreceptors include: Merkel's disks, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles. Stapes detect deep touch. Which of the following are semicircular canals? . In proprioception, proprioceptive and kinesthetic signals travel through myelinated afferent neurons running from the spinal cord to the medulla. Middle: Deeper in the epidermis, near the base, are Ruffini endings, which are also known as bulbous corpuscles. They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, and they respond to light touch. *Saccule Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Krause end bulbs are all encapsulated. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. Merkels disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. 1. -Lens They are part of the tactile-end organs in the skin, which include Merkel . Related to chemoreceptors are osmoreceptors and nociceptors for fluid balance and pain reception, respectively. Which layer of the retina provides vitamin A for the photoreceptor cells? Trans-retinal is reconverted to cis-retinal Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. Below the epidermis and dermis is the subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis, the fatty layer that contains blood vessels, connective tissue, and the axons of sensory neurons. Meissner corpuscles in the fingertips, such as the one viewed here using bright field light microscopy, allow for touch discrimination of fine detail. -High degree of neural convergence Bulbous corpuscles are also present in joint capsules, where they measure stretch in the components of the skeletal system within the joint. These two modalities use thermoreceptors and nociceptors to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. b. End bulbs c. Bulbous corpuscles d. Tactile corpuscles b. somatic sensory receptor. Which type of corpuscles detect pressure? In this paper, an acoustic radiation force-optical coherence elastography (ARF-OCE) system was proposed to evaluate LVC by measuring the residual stromal bed (RSB) elasticity, because it is directly relevant to the RSB . b. Visceral pain can be so great that it causes somatic pain. a. Presbyopia Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. d. It dissociates G-proteins. Capsaicin molecules bind to a transmembrane ion channel in nociceptors that is sensitive to temperatures above 37C. 6. perilymph of scala tympani Optic disc Modality refers to the way that information is encoded into a perception. Merkels disks are found in the upper layers of skin near the base of the epidermis, both in skin that has hair and on glabrous skin; that is, the hairless skin found on the palms and fingers, the soles of the feet, and the lips of humans and other primates. The brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the a. the pupil size is too narrow. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors and perceived as touch or proprioception. An exteroceptor is a receptor that is located near a stimulus in the external environment, such as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. The foot plate is part of the Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Such low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called Merkel cells, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. __________ of the eye is receded into the orbit. Note that these warmth detectors are situated deeper in the skin than are the cold detectors. Olfaction is also known as remote __________. a. Retina 4. endolymph of cochlear duct - Foliate Merkels disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. The four major types of tactile mechanoreceptors include: Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles. b. c. Central artery and vein Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the submodalities discussed in this section. These sensory receptors are known as the cutaneous receptors and they are found in the epidermis and dermis of the skin. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. : An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord may result in quadriplegia, or paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. There are four primary tactile mechanoreceptors in human skin: Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscle; two are located toward the surface of the skin and two are located deeper. 4) Bipolar cells. This information is detected by sensory receptors in our muscles, ligaments, and joints, and then processed through the central nervous system. The papillae that are fewest in number, but contain the most taste buds, are the _________ papillae. 3. perilymph of scala vestibule Tears contain an antibiotic-like enzyme called __________. They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. The junction of the palpebral and ocular conjunctive is called the: Which of the following are a part of the fibrous tunic? Some hair receptors also detect skin deflection, and certain rapidly adapting hair receptors allow detection of stimuli that have not yet touched the skin. - Supporting cells Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and limb position. f. Ganglion cell, 1. Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. d. Fibers of the cochlear nerve Which of the following are correct names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx? g. Retina. Each year in the United States, 10,000 new cases of spinal cord injury are reported. Asama, Japan, is an active volcano. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. e. Detectable odors are actually combinations of a smaller number of primary odors. The suspensory ligaments connect the __________ to the ciliary muscles. g - Medial geniculate nucleus. of the following EXCEPT a the sensation of pain b. the sensation of itch c the sensation of touch d the sensation of vibration 28. What do Merkel cells detect? They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. Three types of receptors detect touch: Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, and free nerve endings. It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. They are a cutaneous receptor found in the dermis or epidermis. There are fewer Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings in skin than there are Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles. In addition to these two types of deeper receptors, there are also rapidly adapting hair receptors, which are found on nerve endings that wrap around the base of hair follicles. For example, have you ever stretched your muscles before or after exercise and noticed that you can only stretch so far before your muscles spasm back to a less stretched state? g. Primary visual cortex, a. A variety of receptor typesembedded in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, joints, internal organs, and cardiovascular systemplay a role. Nociceptors (pain receptors)- These receptors identify any extreme thermal or mechanical stimuli, which can be damaging. -Epiglottis, a. Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas, Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma? Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) They are rapidly- adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders which are responsive to fine details. b. gets higher. An interoceptor is one that detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the aorta or carotid sinus. (credit: modification of work by Wbensmith/Wikimedia Commons; scale-bar data from Matt Russell). Are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure? David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. 5. oval window Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels? c. Cl- In a taste bud the basal cells replace the __________ cells. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. a - Thalamus detect pain, temperature. In this demonstration, two sharp points, such as two thumbtacks, are brought into contact with the subjects skin (though not hard enough to cause pain or break the skin). Order these structures from superficial to deep. These injuries may result from sports or recreational activities, motor vehicle crashes, falls, physical assaults, and gunshot wounds. e. Bipolar cells c. Perilymph - They are unmyelinated Note that these warmth detectors are situated deeper in the skin than are the cold detectors. Legal. 7 - Scala tympani Wed love your input. The nerves that convey sensory information from the periphery to the CNS are either spinal nerves, connected to the spinal cord, or cranial nerves, connected to the brain. a. basilar membrane. a. a lack of depth perception. Additionally, lamellated corpuscles are found adjacent to joint capsules and detect vibrations associated with movement around joints. c. Saccule
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